BoilingOven

Amakusa Islands

2005-07-28T02:50:00.000-07:00

Japanese Amakusa-shoto, archipelago off western Kyushu, Japan, in the Amakusa Sea. Administered by Kumamoto ken (prefecture), it includes about 100 islands, the largest of which are Kami (“Upper”) Island and Shimo (“Lower”) Island. There is little farming because of the rough, mountainous terrain, and there are few industries, but forestry, orange cultivation, and offshore fishing are actively

Water Mold

2005-07-26T08:20:00.000-07:00

Also spelled water mould any of about 150 species of fungi belonging to the order Saprolegniales within the class Oomycetes. Many of them live in fresh or brackish water or wet soils. Most species are saprobic (i.e., they live on dead or decaying organic matter), although some cause diseases in certain fishes, higher plants, algae, protozoans, and marine invertebrates. The mycelium (filaments composing

Heliopolis

2005-07-23T20:55:00.000-07:00

(Greek), Egyptian Iunu , or Onu (“Pillar City”) , biblical On one of the most ancient Egyptian cities, and the seat of worship of the sun god, Re. It was the capital of the 15th nome of Lower Egypt, but Heliopolis was important as a religious rather than a political centre. Its great temple of Re was second in size only to that of Amon at Thebes, and its priesthood wielded great influence, particularly during the 5th dynasty, when the worship

Mandalgovi

2005-07-08T18:30:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Mandal Gobi, town, central Mongolian People's Republic. The town is located on the transition zone of scattered bunch grass of the great Gobi (desert) about 186 miles (300 km) south of Ulaanbaatar, the national capital. The area's economy is dominated by animal husbandry, as the terrain and climate are too harsh for agriculture. Sheep, cattle, and goats survive on the scanty vegetation. Light

Huitzilopochtli

2005-07-06T22:45:00.000-07:00

Traditionally,

Balaguer, Victor

2005-06-23T06:55:00.000-07:00

Balaguer was a precocious youth; his first dramatic essay, Pépin el Jorobado; o, el hijo de Carlomagno (1838; “Pippin the Hunchbacked; or, The Son of Charlemagne”), was staged in Barcelona when he was 14. At 19 he was publicly “crowned” after the production of his second play, Don Enrique el Dadivoso (1843; “Don Henry

Silko, Leslie Marmon

2005-06-21T00:45:00.000-07:00

Silko, of mixed Laguna Pueblo, white, and Mexican ancestry, grew up on the Laguna Pueblo reservation in New Mexico, where she learned Laguna traditions and myths. After attending Bureau of Indian Affairs schools and graduating

Differential Gear

2005-06-16T16:15:00.000-07:00

In automotive mechanics, gear arrangement that permits power from the engine to be transmitted to a pair of driving wheels, dividing the force equally between them but permitting them to follow paths of different lengths, as when turning a corner or traversing an uneven road. On a straight road the wheels rotate at the same speed; when turning a corner the outside

Zahlah

2005-06-13T11:00:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Zahlé, town, central Lebanon. It lies on the eastern slopes of the Lebanon Mountains, at an elevation of 3,150 feet (960 m) above sea level. An agricultural market centre for the broad al-Biqa' Valley, it is also a popular summer resort on the Beirut–Damascus railroad. Zahlah is noted for its fruits, vineyards, and arrack (a type of alcoholic beverage). Pop. (1985 est.) 200,000.

Earth, Planetary differentiation

2005-06-01T20:40:00.000-07:00

Once hot, the Earth's interior could begin its chemical evolution. For example, outgassing of a fraction of those volatile elements that had been trapped (in small amounts) within the accreting planet probably formed the earliest atmosphere and oceans at this time. Also, chemical reactions between the mantle and core became possible in the deepest interior. From

Epicentre

2005-05-18T10:55:00.000-07:00

Point on the surface of the Earth that is directly above the source of an earthquake (called the focus). There the effects of the earthquake usually are most severe. The epicentre can be located by constructing arcs from each of three or more seismic observatories, with the arcs' radii equal to the distance from each station to the focus of the earthquake. The point of

Milky Way Galaxy, Emission nebulas

2005-05-16T16:15:00.000-07:00

A conspicuous component of the Galaxy is the collection of large, bright, diffuse gaseous objects generally called nebulas. The brightest of these cloudlike objects are the emission nebulas, large complexes of interstellar gas and stars in which the gas exists in an ionized and excited state (with the electrons of the atoms excited to a higher than normal energy

Huichol And Cora

2005-05-14T13:55:00.000-07:00

Neighbouring Middle American Indian peoples living in the states of Jalisco and Nayarit in western Mexico. Numbering together about 40,000 in the late 20th century, they inhabit a mountainous region that is cool and dry. The Huichol and Cora languages are about as closely related as Spanish and Italian and are next most closely related to Nahua, the language of the Nahua

Bert, Paul

2005-03-15T18:12:00.000-08:00

French physiologist, politician, and diplomat, founder of modern aerospace medicine, whose research into the effects of air pressure on the body helped make possible the exploration of space and the ocean depths. While professor of physiology at the Sorbonne (1869 - 86), he found that the illness suffered by animals at high altitudes is caused

Roulette

2005-03-14T16:29:00.000-08:00

(from French: �small wheel�), gambling game in which players bet on which red or black numbered compartment of a revolving wheel a small ball (spun in the opposite direction) will come to rest within. Bets are placed on a table marked to correspond with the compartments of the wheel. It is a gambling game universally played in the gambling casinos of Europe, North and South

Balochi

2005-03-11T10:08:00.000-08:00

The original

Johanan Ben Zakkai

2005-03-06T19:23:00.000-08:00

As is the case with all the Talmudic teachers (the rabbis who interpreted and applied the Oral Law), little strictly biographical information

John Of Beverley, Saint

2005-03-05T19:33:00.000-08:00

After studies at St. Augustine's Monastery, Canterbury, Kent, under the celebrated abbot St. Adrian, John entered Whitby Abbey, Yorkshire. In 687 he succeeded St. Eata as bishop of Hexham, Northumberland, and in 705 was consecrated bishop of York. He founded a

Ogata Kenzan

2005-03-04T21:55:00.000-08:00

Kenzan received a classical Chinese and Japanese education and pursued Zen Buddhism. At the age of 27 he began studying with the potter Ninsei and in 1699 established his own kiln in Narutaki. Encountering financial

Israel, Cultural institutions

2005-03-02T03:36:00.000-08:00

Israel has a rich and varied range of cultural institutions, including major libraries, an art institute and artists' colonies, art museums, institutes for archeology and folk life, theatres, concert halls and performing arts centres, and movie houses. A thriving film industry has emerged. In 1953 the Israeli government established the Academy of the Hebrew Language

Chronology, Peoples of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec

2005-03-01T02:06:00.000-08:00

Pictorial books of the Mixtec of Oaxaca record events in the lives of ruling families covering seven centuries, but, again, happenings are fixed only by the day on which each occurred and the year in which the day fell. Sequence is usually clear, but at times there is doubt as to which 52-year period is meant when parenthetical material, such as life histories of secondary

Aerospace Industry, Secondary and tertiary aerospace systems

2005-02-28T08:09:00.000-08:00

The secondary product line of the aerospace industry comprises the numerous onboard subsystems required by the designs of the various flight vehicles. Propulsion and avionics are the two most important secondary systems. The industry's tertiary product line includes those ground-based items necessary for the support of flight vehicles.

Biblical Literature, Developments in the 16th century

2005-02-27T17:41:00.000-08:00

With the advent of printing and differences between Roman Catholics and Protestants, the canon and its relationship to tradition finally became fixed. During the Counter-Reformation Council of Trent (1545 - 63), the canon of the entire Bible was set in 1546 as the Vulgate, based on Jerome's Latin version. For Luther, the criterion of what was canonical was both apostolicity, or what

Biblical Literature, Developments in the 16th century

2005-02-26T17:42:00.000-08:00

Oceanographic study platform developed in the United States. It combines the advantages of extreme stability while floating on site and ease of movement to new areas. In the horizontal position, FLIP, 109 m (357 feet) long, can be towed behind a ship. When FLIP's ballast tanks are flooded, the platform tilts to an upright position with 17 m (55 feet) of its length above water. Above-water

Ear Disease, Presbycusis

2005-02-25T17:30:00.000-08:00

Presbycusis is the gradual decline of hearing function that results from aging. It is similar to other aging processes because it occurs at different ages and at different rates among the population. As a person ages, there is a gradual loss of cochlear hair cells, beginning at the basal end of the organ of Corti, with the result that hearing is gradually reduced and

Mah� Island

2005-02-23T07:39:00.000-08:00

Largest island of the Seychelles archipelago, Republic of Seychelles, in the western Indian Ocean. The island is 4 miles (6 km) wide and 16 miles (26 km) long and has an area of 57 square miles (148 square km). The island is granitic in origin and mountainous; the highest peak is Morne Seychellois, which rises to 2,969 feet (905 m) and forms part of a national park of the same name. Port Launay Marine National

Sotie

2005-02-22T19:21:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Sottie, � short satirical play popular in France in the 15th and early 16th centuries, in which a company of sots (�fools�) exchanged badinage on contemporary persons and events. The sots, wearing the traditional short jacket, tights, bells, and dunce cap of the fool, also introduced acrobatics and farcical humour into the sketches. At first the sotie was used as an introductory piece

Yale, Frankie

2005-02-21T00:32:00.000-08:00

Yale graduated from youth gangs to bootlegging and rum-running

Jacobabad

2005-02-20T21:22:00.000-08:00

City, Sindh province, Pakistan. The city lies at a junction of the Pakistan Western Railway and main roads through Sindh. It was founded in 1847 on the site of the village of Khanghar by General John Jacob, the district's first deputy commissioner. Jacob, who laid out the modern city, is commemorated by monuments, and even his horse has been memorialized by a mud pyramid. The city

Yuki

2005-02-19T08:11:00.000-08:00

Four groups of North American Indians who lived in the Coast Ranges and along the coast of northwestern California, U.S. They spoke distinctive languages unaffiliated with any other known language. The four Yuki groups were the Yuki proper, who lived along the upper reaches of the Eel River and its tributaries; the Huchnom, who dwelt in the Redwood Valley to the west;

Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines D'

2005-02-18T06:42:00.000-08:00

During eight years of travel in South America (1826 - 34) Orbigny studied the people, natural history, and geology of the continent. He summarized these studies in Voyage dans l'Am�rique m�ridionale, 10 vol., (1834 - 47; �Journey into South America�) and proceeded to draw up the first comprehensive map of that

Pacific Mountain System

2005-02-17T23:28:00.000-08:00

The geography and geology of the Pacific mountain system are treated in James G. Ashbaugh (ed.), The Pacific Northwest: Geographical Perspectives (1994), covering climate, vegetation, agriculture, and the economy; Stewart T. Schultz, The Northwest Coast (1990), a popular, comprehensive view of the people, economy, and landforms of the region; Paul E. Hammond, Guide to Geology of the Cascade Range (1988), a well-written work; John Eliot Allen, Marjorie Burns, and Sam C. Sargent, Cataclysms on the Columbia (1986), a fine overall exploration of the Missoula floods; and A. Jon Kimmerling and Philip L. Jackson, Atlas of the Pacific Northwest, 7th ed. (1985). A good explanation of how the ocean has shaped the Oregon coast, producing different landforms between California and Washington, may be found in Paul D. Komar, �Ocean Processes and Hazards Along the Oregon Coast,� Oregon Geology, 54(1):3 - 19 (January 1992).

Hawthorn, John Michael

2005-02-16T13:39:00.000-08:00

Hawthorn won his first motorcycle race at 18, turned to sports cars at 21, and two years later, driving a Cooper - Bristol, defeated Juan Manuel Fangio at Goodwood. In 1953, driving for Ferrari, he won the French Grand Prix from Fangio; in 1955 he won the tragic Le

Margaret Of Austria

2005-02-14T07:25:00.000-08:00

The daughter of the Habsburg archduke Maximilian (later the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I) and his consort, Mary, duchess of Burgundy, Margaret was first betrothed

Annelid, Locomotion

2005-02-13T22:06:00.000-08:00

The basic features of locomotion in annelids are most easily observed in the earthworm because it lacks appendages and parapodia. Movement involves extending the body, anchoring it to a surface with setae, and contracting body muscles. When the worm begins a forward movement, circular muscles at the anterior end contract, extending the head forward. At the same

Allen, Woody

2005-02-12T01:26:00.000-08:00

Original name �Allen Stewart Konigsberg�, legal name �Heywood Allen� American motion-picture director, screenwriter, actor, and author, best known for his bittersweet comic films containing elements of parody, slapstick, and the absurd. He was also known as a sympathetic director for women, writing strong and well-defined characters for them. Among his featured performers were Diane

Neoregelia

2005-02-10T17:38:00.000-08:00

Neoregelia leaves are often mottled, marbled,

China, Urban socialist changes

2005-02-09T20:43:00.000-08:00

Mao combined this massive transformation of the agricultural sector with a call for the �socialist transformation� of industry and commerce, in which the government would become, in effect, the major partner. In Chinese Communist fashion, this change was not simply decreed from above. Rather, extreme pressures were put on private merchants and capitalists in late

Carnivore, Annotated classification

2005-02-08T20:38:00.000-08:00

Although the terrestrial and marine carnivores are grouped together in the following classification, many authors separate them into two orders. In this article the split is indicated by erecting two suborders, the Fissipedia and Pinnipedia, based largely on the degree of specialization undergone by the members as they evolved and adapted to radically different

Flores

2005-02-07T10:08:00.000-08:00

One of the Lesser Sunda Islands in Nusa Tenggara Timur propinsi (East Nusa Tenggara province), Indonesia. The last major island in the chain, which extends eastward from Java, it is long and narrow, 5,500 sq mi (14,250 sq km) in area, and has numerous inlets and bays. The island was named after the Portuguese name for the island's eastern cape, Capo de Flores (Cape of Flowers), after the flamboyants

Ahad Ha'am

2005-02-06T19:02:00.000-08:00

Reared in Russia in a rigidly Orthodox Jewish family, he mastered rabbinic literature but soon was attracted to the rationalist school

South American Nomad, Shellfish gatherers

2005-02-05T13:05:00.000-08:00

In the south the Chono, Alacaluf, and Y�mana Indians occupied the whole Chilean archipelago southward to Cape Horn. This is a rugged terrain of islands and fjords with heavy rainfall, an average winter temperature of 32� F (0� C), and an average summer temperature of 50� F (10� C). The dense forests make land travel extremely difficult and horticulture impracticable. The area is poor

Pinar Del R�

2005-02-03T23:20:00.000-08:00

Provincia, western Cuba, bounded on the north by the Gulf of Mexico, on the west by the Yucat�n Channel, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, on the southeast by the Gulf of Bataban�, and on the east by La Habana province. Low mountain ranges, including the Sierra de los �rganos and the Sierra del Rosario, form the backbone of the territory, which has an area of 4,218 square miles (10,925 square

Locmariaquer

2005-02-02T08:45:00.000-08:00

Village and seaside resort, on the coast of the Gulf of Morbihan, Morbihan d�partement, Bretagne r�gion, western France, south of Auray. It is famous for its megalithic monuments, notably the Fairies' Stone, a huge, broken standing stone, originally 66 feet (20 m) high - the greatest known menhir (upright monumental stone) in existence. Behind it is the Merchants' Table, composed

Mamou

2005-02-01T13:29:00.000-08:00

Town, west-central Guinea. Located on the Conakry-Kankan railway and at the intersection of roads from Kindia, Dalaba, Dabola, and Faranah, Mamou was founded in 1908 as a collecting point on the railroad from Conakry (125 miles [201 km] southwest). It is the chief trading centre for the rice, cattle, citrus fruits, bananas, tomatoes, and mangoes raised in the surrounding agricultural area.

Lowell, Robert, Jr.

2005-01-31T02:22:00.000-08:00

Lowell grew up in Boston. James Russell Lowell was his great-granduncle, and Amy, Percival, and A. Lawrence Lowell were distant cousins. Although he turned away from his Puritan heritage - largely because he was repelled by what he felt was the high

Italus, John

2005-01-30T18:16:00.000-08:00

Of Calabrian origin, Italus, after a period of court favour under the emperor Michael VII Ducas

Margate

2005-01-29T14:27:00.000-08:00

Town, Thanet district, administrative and historic county of Kent, England. It lies east of the Thames River estuary. A Roman villa existed just outside the town, which has a Norman church. During the 18th century the town, which is endowed with sandy beaches, became a bathing resort. The large influx of summer visitors is presently Margate's mainstay. An industrial estate

Argentina, The Pampean zone

2005-01-28T17:42:00.000-08:00

The Pampas occupy a transitional area between high summer temperatures to the north and cooler summers to the south. Buenos Aires, located on the northern edge of the Pampas, has a climate similar to that of cities in the southeastern United States, with hot, humid summers and cool, mild winters. The range of mean temperatures for summer months (December to February)

Coir

2005-01-27T02:12:00.000-08:00

Seed-hair fibre obtained from the outer shell, or husk, of the coconut, the fruit of Cocos nucifera, a tropical plant of the Arecaceae (Palmae) family. The coarse, stiff, reddish brown fibre is made up of smaller threads, each about 0.01 to 0.04 inch (0.03 to 0.1 centimetre) long and 12 to 24 microns (a micron is about 0.00004 inch) in diameter, composed of lignin, a woody plant substance, and cellulose. Sri

Thompson, Daley

2005-01-26T11:28:00.000-08:00

The son of a Nigerian father and a Scottish mother, Thompson made his debut in the decathlon at age 16, winning a competition in Cwmbr�n, Wales. Thompson's score of 6,685 points was a British junior record, and in that

Bedford

2005-01-25T08:17:00.000-08:00

Borough (town), seat (1771) of Bedford county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the Raystown Branch Juniata River, in the Allegheny Mountains, 38 miles (61 km) south of Altoona. A settlement made on the site about 1750 by John Wray (or Ray), a Scottish trader, was known as Raystown. Fort Bedford (built 1758 and apparently named for John Russell, 4th duke of Bedford) was a frontier

Denner, Johann Christoph

2005-01-24T10:02:00.000-08:00

Denner's father, Heinrich, made horns and animal calls; from him Christoph learned instrument building, at the same time becoming an excellent performer. His energy was mainly devoted to improving already existing woodwind instruments, and his well-tuned

Bearded Seal

2005-01-23T13:05:00.000-08:00

(Erignathus barbatus), nonmigratory seal of the family Phocidae, distinguished by the bushy, bristly whiskers for which it is named; it is also known as �squareflipper� after the rectangular shape of the foreflipper. Highly valued by Eskimos for its hide, meat, and blubber, the bearded seal is a grayish or yellow-brown animal that lives alone or in small groups in coastal

Biblical Literature, Texts and manuscripts

2005-01-22T07:58:00.000-08:00

In referring to manuscript text types by their place of origin, one posits the idea that the major centers of Christendom established more or less standard texts: Alexandria; Caesarea and Antioch (Eastern); Italy and Gallia plus Africa (Western); Constantinople, the home for the Byzantine text type or the Textus Receptus. While such a geographical scheme has become

Lindsay, Vachel

2005-01-21T21:55:00.000-08:00

After three years at Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio, Lindsay left in 1900 to study art in Chicago and New York City. He supported himself in part by lecturing

Parima Mountains

2005-01-20T14:14:00.000-08:00

Headstreams of the Orinoco River rise on the western flanks, and headstreams of the Branco

La Salle

2005-01-19T00:23:00.000-08:00

City, Montr�al region, southern Quebec province, Canada, on the south shore of �le de Montr�al (Montreal Island), at the head of the Lachine Rapids of the St. Lawrence River. Settlement of the site began in 1668, when Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, established a fortified townsite first known as Saint-Sulpice and later as La Petite Chine, or Lachine. Surviving an Iroquois Indian

Eisenerz

2005-01-18T19:19:00.000-08:00

Town, Bundesland Steiermark (federal province of Styria), Austria, in the Erzbach Valley, at the northern foot of the Erzberg (Ore Mountain; 5,033 ft [1,534 m]), northwest of Leoben. Iron has been mined on the Erzberg by terraced open-pit methods since Roman times, and Eisenerz (�iron ore�) is the principal centre of Austrian iron mining, supplying most of the nation's total output. Notable

Gobi, Physiography

2005-01-17T23:30:00.000-08:00

The Ka-shun Gobi is bounded by the spurs of the Tien Shan to the west and the Pei Mountains to the south and rises to elevations as high as 5,000 feet (1,524 metres). It is gently corrugated, with a complex labyrinth of wide

North Germanic Languages

2005-01-16T15:35:00.000-08:00

About 125 inscriptions dated from AD 200 to 600, carved in the older runic alphabet (futhark), are chronologically and linguistically the oldest evidence of any Germanic language. Most are from Scandinavia, but enough have been found in southeastern Europe to suggest that the use of runes was also familiar to other Germanic tribes. Most inscriptions are brief, marking ownership

Taft - hartley Act

2005-01-15T11:02:00.000-08:00

Formally �Labor - Management Relations Act� (1947), in U.S. history, law - enacted over the veto of Pres. Harry S. Truman - amending much of the pro-union Wagner Act of 1935. A variety of factors, including the fear of Communist infiltration of labour unions, the tremendous growth in both membership and power of unions, and a series of large-scale strikes, contributed to an anti-union climate in the United States after World War II. Republican

Fu-an

2005-01-14T05:31:00.000-08:00

Pinyin �Fu'an, � city in northeastern Fukien sheng (province), China. It is situated on the east bank of the Chiao River, with highway communications running north into Chekiang and south along the coast to Fu-chou, some 90 miles (150 km) away. It is in an area of Fukien that was developed comparatively late, since it is somewhat less productive than the south of the province. Fu-an is above all a market

More, Paul Elmer

2005-01-13T23:42:00.000-08:00

More was educated at Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., and at Harvard, where he met Irving Babbitt and where, from 1894 to 1895, he was assistant in Sanskrit. In 1895 - 97 he was associate in Sanskrit and classical literature at Bryn Mawr

Biblical Literature, Habakkuk

2005-01-12T11:54:00.000-08:00

The Book of Habakkuk, the eighth book of the Twelve (Minor) Prophets, was written by a prophet difficult to identify. He may have been a professional prophet of the Temple from the 7th century BCE (probably between 605 - 597 BCE). Containing three chapters, Habakkuk combines lamentation and oracle. In the first chapter, he cries out for Yahweh to help his people: �O Lord, how long shall I cry for

Ecloga

2005-01-11T00:26:00.000-08:00

Leo issued the law code in Greek instead of the traditional Latin, so that it could be understood by more people and utilized by judges

Lockheed Martin Corporation

2005-01-10T04:07:00.000-08:00

Major American diversified company with core business concentrations in aerospace products - including aircraft, space launchers, satellites, and defense systems - and other advanced-technology systems and services. About half of the company's annual sales are to the U.S. Department of Defense. Lockheed Martin is also a leading contractor for the U.S. Department

China, The history of the Chou (1111 - 255 BC)

2005-01-09T13:39:00.000-08:00

The origin of the Chou royal house is lost in the mists of time. Although the traditional historical system of the Chinese contains a Chou genealogy, no dates can be assigned to the ancestors. The first ancestor was Hou Chi, literally translated as �Lord of Millet.� He appears to have been a cultural hero and agricultural deity rather than a tribal chief. The earliest plausible

Pacific-10 Conference

2005-01-08T11:26:00.000-08:00

Byname �Pac-10 � West Coast American collegiate athletic association that grew out of several earlier versions, the first of which, the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), was founded in 1915. The original members were the University of California (Berkeley), the University of Washington, the University of Oregon, and Oregon Agricultural College (now Oregon State University). State College

Osco-umbrian Languages

2005-01-07T02:29:00.000-08:00

Language group proposed by some scholars to be included in the Italic branch of Indo-European languages. The group includes Oscan, Umbrian, and the minor dialects of central Italy - Marsian, Marrucinian, Paelignian, Sabine, Vestinian, and Volscian. Oscan, the language imposed by the Samnites on the Osci of Campania, is known from over 200 inscriptions dated between 400 and 89 BC. Umbrian

Caitanya Sect

2005-01-06T20:09:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Chaitanya� intensely emotional form of Hinduism that has flourished from the 16th century, mainly in Bengal and eastern Orissa, India. It takes its name from the medieval saint Caitanya (Chaitanya; 1485 - 1533), whose fervent devotion to Lord Krishna (Krsna) inspired the movement. For Caitanya the legends of Krishna and his youthful beloved, Radha, were both symbolic of and the highest expressions

Benavente Y Mart�nez, Jacinto

2005-01-05T01:02:00.000-08:00

One of the foremost Spanish dramatists of the 20th century, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1922. He returned drama to reality by way of social criticism: declamatory verse giving way to prose, melodrama to comedy, formula to experience, impulsive action to dialogue and the play of minds. Benavente showed a preoccupation with

China, The air masses

2005-01-04T14:58:00.000-08:00

China lies in Asia, the world's largest continent, and faces the Pacific, the world's largest ocean. Between the Pacific and China's part of Asia, there is a seasonal movement of air masses. The polar continental air mass, originating in Siberia, dominates a large part of China during the winter, while the tropical Pacific air mass exerts its influence during the summer.

Training, Transfer Of

2005-01-03T08:36:00.000-08:00

Influence the learning of one skill has on the learning or performance of another. Will knowledge of English help a person learn German? Are skillful table-tennis (Ping-Pong) players generally good court-tennis players? Can a child who does not know how to add learn to multiply? Such questions represent the problems of transfer of training.

Cord, Errett Lobban

2005-01-02T21:08:00.000-08:00

Previously a racing car mechanic and driver, he became president of the Auburn Automobile Company (founded 1900), Auburn, Ind., in 1924. Two years later he acquired the Duesenberg Motor Company (founded 1920), Indianapolis, Ind.; the brothers Fred and August Duesenberg designed the

Ibn Al-athir

2005-01-01T06:59:00.000-08:00

Ibn al-Athir spent a scholarly life in Mosul, but often visited Baghdad. He was for a time with Saladin's army in Syria and later lived in Aleppo and Damascus. His chief work was a history of the world, al-Kamil fi at-tarikh (�The Complete History�), starting with

Chaban-delmas, Jacques

2004-12-31T04:47:00.000-08:00

Delmas was educated in political science and law and worked as a journalist before joining the army in 1938. As one of the early members of the R�sistance (joined December 1940), he used Chaban as his code name, which he later legally added to his own. He was extremely active in

Bohemond Ii

2004-12-30T16:41:00.000-08:00

The son of Bohemond I and Constance of France, he went from Apulia to Antioch in 1126. Antioch had been under the regency of Baldwin II of Jerusalem since 1119, when the previous prince, Roger, had been killed. Soon after his arrival in Antioch, Bohemond married Alice, the younger daughter of Baldwin. After joining with Baldwin in an attack on Damascus

Kediri

2004-12-29T10:07:00.000-08:00

Ancient �Kadiri� traditional region and modern kabupaten (regency) of eastern Java, Indonesia. From the 11th to the early 13th century, Kediri was the dominant kingdom in eastern Java, renowned for its naval and commercial strength and for its achievements in literature. It was absorbed into the later kingdoms of Singasari and Majapahit and then by the central Java kingdom of Mataram.

Gravure Printing

2004-12-28T10:10:00.000-08:00

Photomechanical intaglio process in which the image to be printed consists of depressions or recesses on the surface of the printing plate. The process is the reverse of relief printing, in which the image is raised from the surface of the plate. The printer forms the image by cutting into the plate by hand or by using acids or other chemicals to etch the plate along

Armour, Philip Danforth

2004-12-27T04:41:00.000-08:00

Armour earned his first capital in California mining endeavours and cofounded a grain-dealing and meatpacking business in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1863. Anticipating a

Tachometer

2004-12-26T05:08:00.000-08:00

Mechanical

China, Trends in the arts

2004-12-25T03:37:00.000-08:00

In literature the greatest glory of the T'ang period was its poetry. By the 8th century poets had broken away from the artificial diction and matter of the court poetry of the southern dynasties and achieved a new directness and naturalism. The reign of Hs�an-tsung (712 - 756) - known as Ming-huang, the Brilliant Emperor - was the time of the great figures of Li Po, Wang Wei, and Tu Fu. The

Refrain

2004-12-24T08:45:00.000-08:00

A phrase, line, or group of lines repeated at intervals throughout a poem, generally at the end of the stanza. Refrains are found in the ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead and are common in primitive tribal chants. They appear in literature as varied as ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Latin verse, popular ballads, and Renaissance and Romantic lyrics. Three common refrains are

Yupik

2004-12-22T00:52:00.000-08:00

Also called �Asiatic, or Asian, Eskimo, � Western Eskimo group of Siberian Asia and of Saint Lawrence Island and the Diomede Islands in the Bering Sea and Strait. They are culturally related to the Chukchi. The traditional economic activity of the Yupik-speaking Eskimo was the hunting of sea mammals, especially seals, walrus, and, until the latter half of the 19th century, whales. Trade with the Russians developed

La Fayette, Marie-madeleine (pioche De La Vergne), Comtesse De

2004-12-21T03:41:00.000-08:00

In Paris during the civil wars of the Fronde, young Mlle de la Vergne was brought into contact with Madame de S�vign�, now famous for her letters. She also met a leading political agitator, the future Cardinal de Retz. Married in 1655 to Fran�ois Motier, comte de La Fayette (1616 - 83), she lived

Talas

2004-12-20T07:22:00.000-08:00

Oblasty (province), northwestern Kyrgyzstan, centred on the Talas River valley that follows an essentially east-west axis through the northern portion of the oblasty. Reconstituted in 1990, the oblasty was formed in 1944 and remained in existence until 1956. It was reestablished in 1980 - 88 and once again re-formed in 1990. The population of Talas includes a large concentration of non-Central

Sanger, John And George

2004-12-19T13:18:00.000-08:00

The brothers were assistants in their father's touring peep show and formed their own show in 1853. By 1871 they had leased Astley's Amphitheatre

Cyprus, The Lusignan kingdom, Genoese rule, and Venetian rule

2004-12-18T11:17:00.000-08:00

Guy, a Frenchman who called himself lord of Cyprus, invited families that had lost their lands in Palestine after the fall of Jerusalem to settle in Cyprus, thereby laying the basis for a feudal monarchy that survived to the end of the Middle Ages. His brother and successor, Amalric, obtained the title of king from the Holy Roman emperor Henry VI. The earliest kings of

Barasat

2004-12-17T04:49:00.000-08:00

Town, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. Connected by road and rail with Calcutta and Howrah, it is an important trade centre for rice, legumes, sugarcane, potatoes, and coconuts; cotton weaving is the major industry. An annual fair held in honour of a Muslim saint is attended by both Muslims and Hindus. Barasat was constituted a municipality in 1869. Pop. (1981) 69,586.

Interlingua

2004-12-16T02:11:00.000-08:00

Also called �Latino Sine Flexione, � simplified form of Latin intended for use as an international second language. Interlingua was originally developed in 1903 by the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano, but lack of clarity as to what parts of Latin were to be retained and what were to be discarded led to numerous �dialects� of Interlingua, confusion, and its dying out among enthusiasts. In the late 1940s and

Ta Y�

2004-12-15T05:05:00.000-08:00

Pinyin �Da Yu� (Chinese: �Y� the Great�), in Chinese mythology, the Tamer of the Flood, one of China's saviour-heroes and reputed founder of China's oldest dynasty, the Hsia. One legend among many recounts Ta Y�'s extraordinary birth: a man called Kun was given charge of controlling a great deluge. To dam the water, he stole from heaven what seems to have been a piece of magic soil. Angered by the

Draft Animal

2004-12-14T18:18:00.000-08:00

Any domesticated animal used in drawing heavy loads. Draft animals were in common use in Mesopotamia before 3000 BC for farm work and for pulling wheeled vehicles. Their use spread to the rest of the world over the following 2,500 years. While cattle, usually in teams, have been used most often as draft animals, horses and donkeys have supplanted them in many areas. Some horses - such

Antarctica, Antarctica and continental drift

2004-12-13T07:04:00.000-08:00

The geologic evolution of Antarctica has followed a course similar to that of the other southern continents. The earliest chapters in Antarctica's rather fragmentary record extend far back, perhaps as much as 3 billion years, into early Precambrian time. Similarity in patterns of crustal and biological evolution in the southern continents can be traced back some

Hooker, Sir William Jackson

2004-12-12T23:52:00.000-08:00

Hooker was the son of a merchant's clerk and descendant of Richard Hooker, noted theologian of the 16th century. A fortuitous discovery in 1805 of

Mitchum, Robert

2004-12-11T21:04:00.000-08:00

Expelled from Haaren High School in New York City's Hell's Kitchen, Mitchum took to the road during the early years of the Depression.

Brabant

2004-12-10T08:19:00.000-08:00

The remnant of the duchy of Lower Lorraine was

China, The decisive year, 1948

2004-12-09T06:58:00.000-08:00

The year 1948 was the turning point. In central China, Communist armies of 500,000 men proved their ability to fight major battles on the plains and to capture, though not always hold, such important towns on the Lung-hai as Lo-yang and K'ai-feng. In North China they encircled T'ai-y�an, the capital of Shansi; took most of Chahar and Jehol, provinces on Manchuria's western flank; and recaptured

Harsch, Joseph Close

2004-12-08T17:33:00.000-08:00

American newspaper and broadcast journalist who, during his 60-year career with The Christian Science Monitor, was noted for his presence at many of the period's most historic events and for his vivid reporting of those events; Great Britain's Queen Elizabeth II made him an honorary C.B.E. in 1965 (b. May 25, 1905, Toledo, Ohio--d. June 3, 1998, Jamestown, R.I.).

An-shun

2004-12-06T17:13:00.000-08:00

Pinyin �Anshun, � city, west central Kweichow Province (sheng), China. An-shun is a county-level municipality (shih) and the administrative centre of An-shun Prefecture (ti-ch'�). It first became a city in 1958, later lost its municipal status, but was made a city again in 1966. An-shun is situated at the centre of various radiating highways covering the entire western part of the province, some 60 mi (100 km) west-southwest